Violent Space by Anja Nowak;

Author:Anja Nowak;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780253067456
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Published: 2023-08-26T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1.Giaccaria and Minca, “For a Tentative Spatial Theory,” 33.

2.Ibid.

3.Besides several similarities that would be worth exploring in greater depths, this process differs from the “racialization of space” as discussed in the context of segregation in contemporary US American cities (see, for example, Hutchison, “Racialization”; Lipsitz, “Racialization of Space and the Spatialization of Race”; Calmore, “Racialized Space and the Culture of Segregation”; Sundstrom, “Race and Place”; Massey and Denton, “Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas”) in that the Nazis’ spatial policies were to a much larger degree explicitly ideologically rooted, actively implemented, and ultimately more ruthless. The US history of racial segregation nevertheless shows many examples that could be interpreted as akin to the Nazi policies. So does the history of Apartheid in South Africa. In the context at hand, the concept of “racialized space” is used to describe the Germans’ application of their racial ideology to settlement patterns in the occupied countries and particularly to the urban environment of the city of Warsaw.

4.Giaccaria and Minca, “For a Tentative Spatial Theory,” 31.

5.Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto, 52.

6.Ernest, account, 21.

7.Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 173, 193; Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 51; Adler, In the Warsaw Ghetto, 7; Lehnstaedt, Okkupation im Osten, 270; Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto, 62, 66; Löw and Roth, Das Warschauer Getto, 40.

8.Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 11, 65; Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 45; Bauman, Winter in the Morning, 30.

9.Löw and Roth, Das Warschauer Getto, 30; Lehnstaedt, Okkupation im Osten, 270; Gutman, Jews of Warsaw, 27–30; Birenbaum, Hope Is the Last to Die, 11; Berg, Diary, 15; Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 17; Markowska, Ringelblum Archive, 40–43.

10.Sznapman, account, 20. In his chapter on violence in the ghetto, Lehnstaedt speaks about a complete depravation of rights vis-à-vis the Germans (“faktische Entrechtung im Umgang mit den Deutschen”) (Okkupation im Osten, 255). Berg also points to this when she writes in her diary, “Protests were to no avail: the law does not protect the Jews” (Diary, 16).

11.Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 54; see also Gutman, Jews of Warsaw, 9. Visibility played an important role here, too. Also, orthodox Jews corresponded most closely to the pejoratively loaded image of the “Ostjude” propagated by the Nazi ideology, which further fueled German aggression in the field (see, for example, Michman, Emergence of Jewish Ghettos, 72–73).

12.Bauman, Winter in the Morning, 30.

13.See, for example, Berg, Diary, 15; Bauman, Winter in the Morning, 30; Adler, In the Warsaw Ghetto, 5; Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 54; Gutman, Jews of Warsaw, 9; Warszawa Rada Żydowska 221/4.

14.Mantho, Urban Section, 236; Langegger, Rights to Public Space, 54; Mehta, Street, 9, 20.

15.Mehta, Street, 10.

16.Sznapman, account, 17; see also Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 69–70; Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 206; Lehnstaedt, Okkupation im Osten, 270.

17.Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 69; Adler, In the Warsaw Ghetto, 32. Other signs of “respect” are mentioned, too, such as lifting one’s hat (Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 86; Berg, Diary, 86) or saluting (Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 66). In Warsaw, these actions were at first not backed up by an official decree but owed to individual orders and expectations.

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